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  Emperors

List of Roman Emperors

Year       Emperor Names Events/Notes
        United or Western Empire   Eastern Empire  
BC 31   Augustus      
           
0          
           
9         Varus disaster
           
14   Tiberius      
           
37   Caligula (Gaius)      
41   Claudius      
           
54   Nero      
           
68   Galba      
69   Otho - Vitellius - Vespasian  
           
79   Titus      
81   Domitian      
           
96   Nerva      
98   Trajan      
           
117   Hadrian      
           
138   Antoninus Pius      
           
161   Marcus Aurelius     Lucius Verus co-emperor until 166
           
180   Commodus      
           
192   Pertinax      
193   Didius Julianus - Septimius Severus  
           
211   Antoninus (Caracalla)      
           
217   Macrinus      
218   Diadumedianus - Elagabalus  
222   Severus Alexander      
           
235   Maximinus Thrax      
238   Gordian I-II-III      
244   Philip the Arab      
249   Decius      
251   Trebonianus Gallus - Volusianus  
253   Valerian      
           
260   Gallienus      
           
268   Claudius II Gothicus      
270   Aurelian      
275   Tacitus      
276   Florianus - Probus      
282   Carus      
283   Numerianus      
285   Diocletian      
286     Maximianus Herculius   Wester and eastern division
           
305   Constantius I Chlorus      
306   Maxentius      
310   Constantine I      
312       Battle of the Milvian Brigde
           
337   Constantius II      
          361   Julian the Apostate      
363   Jovian      
364   Valentinian I - Valens      
374   Valentinian II - Gratian      
378   Theodosius I the Great      
395   Theodosius I the Great      

 

Bibliographic Notes
1 - Virgilio, Eneide (7, 126)
2 - Plutarco, Phyrrus (16-5)
3 - Polybius, Historiae (VI, 26-42)

Additional bibliography
Classical:
Hyginus Gromaticus – Liber De Munitionibus Castrorum (DMC)
Plutarco – Vite parallele
Pseudo Cesare – Bellum Africum (B.Afr.)
Pseudo Cesare – Bellum Alexandrinum (B.Alex.)

Studies on the roman field defenses:
Fabricius, Ernst – Some notes on Polybius’s descriptions of Roman camps – JRS, XXII, 1932, pp. 78-87
Gilliver, Catherine M. - Hedgehogs, caltrops and palisade stakes - Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies, 4, 1993, pp.49-54
Junkelmann, Marcus - Die Legionen des Augustus: der römische Soldat in archäologischen - Mainz am Rhein, Philipp von Zabern, 1986
Lenoir, Maurice - Des fortifications du camp / Pseudo-Hygin; texte etabli, traduit et commente – Paris, Les belles lettres, 1979
Miller, M.C.J e Devoto, James Garry - Polybius and Pseudo-Hyginus: the fortification of the roman camp – Chicago, Ares, 1994
Peddie, John - The Roman war machine – Stroud, A. Sutton, 1994
Salvatore, John Pamment - Roman Republican Castrametation:a reappraisal of historical and archaeological sources – Oxford, B.A.R. 630, 1996

 

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